![]() ![]() These wars have seen the early use of gunpowder in warfare. ![]() The Turkish (or Ottoman) empire now reaches far up into the Balkans. This is a severe psychological shock to Europeans. Political fragmentation has continued to affect Germany and Italy and widespread religious unrest has disturbed much of the region, especially in central Europe. Then, in this year, 1453, the great historic city of Constantinople falls to the Muslim Turks. Warfare involving England, France and the Low Countries has endured over many decades (not for nothing is it known as the “Hundred Years’ War”). The terrible Black Death may have killed a third of Europeans. The Mongol conquest of Russia in the mid-13th century effectively cut that huge territory off from the rest of Europe, and Mongol invasion of central Europe inflicted huge damage. Yet the region has made huge cultural and technological strides, and is poised for extraordinary growth. ![]() The Crusader states have completely vanished from the Middle East, a people from central Asian have conquered a huge slice of eastern Europe, and a pandemic has killed an enormous number of people. The previous two centuries have seen Europe on the defensive. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
Details
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |